Medical School: Virginia Commonwealth University - Doctor of Medicine (MD), 1981
Internship: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1982
Residency: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine - Anesthesiology, 1984
Fellowship: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania - Critical Care Medicine, 1997
Specialty Boards: American Board of Anesthesiology, 1987
Specialty Boards: American Board of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, 2000