Education: Northwestern University - Doctor of Medicine (MD), 1974
Education: University of Sarasota - Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH), 1994
Education: Illinois Institute of Technology - Other Degree (OTH), 1997
Education: University of Sarasota - Masters of Business Administration (MBA), 2001
Internship: Northwestern Memorial Prentice Womens Hospital - Internal Medicine, 1975
Residency: Massachusetts General Hospital - Anesthesiology, 1978
Fellowship: Massachusetts General Hospital - Anesthesiology, 1978